Good and Evil in Beowulf Essay

The story of Beowulf was probably composed in England sometime in the Eighth Century AD, and written down circa 1000 AD, by a literate scop (bard) or perhaps a Christian scribe who was possibly educated in a monastery. The poem was created in oral tradition and was transferred to writing over time. It had its roots in folk tales and traditional stories until some very talented poet put it in something very near to its current form. The poem was more than likely performed for audiences at court or on the road as the scop found audiences to support him. It was sung or chanted rather than recited it, and usually to the accompaniment of a harp. There was a constant struggle between good and evil in the story. Beowulf, God, and Wiglaf represented good in the poem whereas Grendel, his mother, and Cain portrayed the contrasting side of evil. Beowulf and Grendel represented the ultimate struggle of good and evil. Grendel tried to destroy everything around him while Beowulf tried to do good all the time. The first battle between Beowulf and Grendel, Beowulf was God (good) and Grendel was Cain (evil). This was actually an allusion from the Bible, the story of Cain and was used to compare God’s feelings of Grendel, a descendant of Cain. The book stated, â€Å"†¦Since Cain had killed his only / Brother, slain his father’s son / with an angry sword. God drove him off, / outlawed him†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Cain killed his brother because he was evil and God shunned and marked him for his evilness. God used his wrath to take care of Cain. God had the same feelings for Grendel. Grendel was described as a vicious monster that was an offspring of everything evil, God refused to forgive Grendel and favored Beowulf’s pride over Grendel’s sins. In the battle, God granted Beowulf overwhelming victory. The book stated, â€Å"The Ruler of the heavens brought about a right issue, when once more he stood up with ease. † God stood with ease because the beast he hated, Grendel, was dead. Beowulf was a mighty, honorable hero who had super strength and the ego to match his strength. He defeated Grendel with his bare hands, and then he fought Grendel’s vengeful mother. Tired and torn, Beowulf, through his goodness, was able to vanquish Grendel’s mother. , At the brink of exhaustion, Beowulf grabbed a monstrous sword and the book continued, â€Å"he struck furiously the blade went straight through the doomed body. † This was the perfect example of goodness. The story of good and evil was told from the beginning of man’s existence. Beowulf, revealed how this was evident and explained the side of good as depicted in the hero Beowulf. Evil was personified in Grendel, Beowulf’s, opposite, the man-eating beast that terrorized humanity. As long as the delicate balance of good and evil was recognized the characters in the epic related to the concept of good and evil. Good won out every time there was a contest because God wanted good to prevail. Beowulf showed how good was related to evil. This story represented these qualities in both main characters. The struggle began when God allowed Satan dominion over the earth. The battle between them had been recorded throughout literary history. Some of the heroes that had challenged Satan did so to protect the weak. Others fought for fame and glory. The theme of good vs. evil that was present in the story of Beowulf, it became the classic foundation of many modern stories. Beowulf and Grendel represented the ultimate struggle of good and evil. Grendel tried to destroy everything around him. To Beowulf, this was another conquest. It allowed him to do yet another good deed that people talked about for a long time. Beowulf represented God and Grendel was Satan. The struggle between God and Satan had existed throughout time. Beowulf was all that was good, moral, and ethical. He lived by the rules of God. Grendel denounced those rules to live by his own. Thinking only of that which gave him pleasure, he attempted to destroy everything good and kind. Truly, Beowulf was like a parent and Grendel was like a child whom he chastised. Beowulf displayed a variety of things that the Anglo-Saxon people valued; many of those traits were expressed through the main character, Beowulf. In him, was seen the qualities of courage, loyalty and a thirst for fame. The character and story also had one running theme throughout, the age-old subject of good versus evil. Beowulf was the epic hero of this poem. He embodied all the characteristics that a hero should, such as bravery, loyalty and strength, both physical and mental. He was the archetypal hero. He fought for good and represented it as well. Beowulf signified good, but there was a contrasting evil to complete the balance. The monster Grendel and his mother were that evil. The mere look of them left the impression of fear and sin. â€Å"He strode quickly across the inlaid floor, snarling and fierce: His eyes gleamed in darkness, burned with a gruesome Light. † Their wickedness seemed to spread to their home, infecting the lake in which they lived. â€Å"A deer, hunted through the woods by packs of hounds, a stag with great horns, though driven through the forest from faraway places, preferred to die on those shores, refused to save its life in that water. † This signified good and evil. Beowulf confronted the monsters and defeated them. (Baldwin, 99). With each of the characters representing good and evil respectively, Grendel’s defeat clearly symbolized Beowulf and his goodness overcoming the beasts’ wickedness, just as we would view Christ defeating Satan. Throughout history and in endless fairytales, good was always victorious over evil. The white knight always defeated the dragon. This was no exception with Beowulf. Though the poem ended in his demise, Beowulf was remembered for being the hero that saved his people from the evils of their world. In conclusion, in the epic Beowulf, there was a constant struggle between good and evil. Beowulf and Grendel represented the ultimate struggle of good and evil. Grendel tried to destroy everything around him while Beowulf tried to do good all the time.

Dharma Bums

Erica Schlecht Professor George Dorsty English 223 2 April 2013 A True Dharma Bum One of the most powerful quotes in the entire book that I feel sums up what it is to be a dharma bum, â€Å" I felt free and therefore I was free†. This quote from Ray Smith shows that a dharma bum must always believe in oneself and take the journey to becoming a Dharma bum from within. Although one can learn from fellow dharma bums such as the Saint Teresa bum, Han Shan, and Japhy the ultimate truth of being Dharma bum comes from within.Saint Teresa Bum is the â€Å"first genuine dharma bum† that Ray Smith, the main character is Dharma Bums has ever met. The book starts off with Smith jumping into a box car where he runs into the Saint Teresa bum. The bum found a prayer written by Saint Teresa that he cut out of a reading room magazine in Los Angeles a few years before. He reads this poem to himself every single day as he roams around staying out of everyone else’s way. When Smith asked the bum about his religion he was very modest about it.Smith also noticed that the bum was much more patient than he when it came to the boxcar being so cold. Although Smith never fully reveals why he thinks he is the first true dharma bum he has met, I believe it is because he humbles Smith and teaches him more about being a true dharma bum than he could have ever imagined. Before meeting the bum, Smith felt very secure and sure that he was a true bum. After seeing how loyal this bum was to reading his prayer and staying true to himself he re thinks what it means to be a dharma bum.The Saint Teresa bum’s patience, focus on prayer, and spirit about life make him a dharma bum. Another Dharma Bum that Jack Kerouac learns from is Han Shan. From the book we see that, â€Å"Han Shan you see was a Chinese scholar who got sick of the big city and the world and took off to hide in the mountains† (14). He wrote â€Å"Cold Mountains† a thousand years ago scribbled o n the sides of clips hundreds of miles away from human beings. He only had one human friend, a â€Å"funny Zen lunatic Shin-te† who was a poet but did not write down his poems.Hand Shan was Japhy Ryder’s hero because he was a poet, mountain man, a Buddhist dedicated to the principle of meditation on the essence of all things, vegetation. A man of solitude who could take off by himself and live purely and true to himself. From Han Shan one can take away that a Dharma Bum is one who follows the same life that Han Shan does. A dharma bum must be able to live in solitude and be dedicated to meditation. Both things that all of the dharma bums written about in this novel strive to do.The truest dharma bum that is written about in the novel Dharma Bums is the one of the main characters, Japhy Ryder. Japhy teaches â€Å"Dharma Bums refusing to subscribe to the general demand that they consume production and therefore have to work for the privilege of consuming, all that cramp they didn't really want anyway such as refrigerators, TV sets, cars, at least new fancy cars, certain hair oils and deodorants and general junk you finally always see a week later in the garbage anyway, all of them imprisoned in a system of work, produce, consume, work, produce, consume†¦ (Chapter 13). A dharma bum according to Jack Keroac is on that does not fall into the traps of society such as those who find happiness in work and worldly possessions. This comes back to the idea that your car is driving you to work. If you did not feel the need to purchase the car then you would not have to work. The simplicity of life is praised and sought after in the life of a dharma bum. One must be okay with the solidarity and embracing oneself. The dharma bums also tend to follow a buddhist life style.In chapter 24 the same idea is brought up, â€Å"Maybe I'll be rich and work and make a lot of money and live in a big house. † But a minute later: â€Å"And who wants to enslave himself to a lot of all that, though? † (Chapter 24). Jack Kerouac’s writing about this shows that dharma bums do not need to fit into the mold of working society to be happy. At the same time a dharma bum is not one that sits around doing nothing, but one who constantly searches for oneself in nature and the things around him.This is shown in another quote from the book, â€Å"by God, you're right, all those sedentary bums sitting around on pillows hearing the cry of a triumphant mountain smasher, they don't deserve it† (Chapter 12). Smith discusses what he has learned from Japhy here, â€Å"I realized I had indeed learned from Japhy how to cast off the evils for the world and the city and find my true pure soul, just as long as I had a decent pack on my back. I got back to my camp and spread the sleeping bag and thanked the Lord for all He was giving me† (156). Japhy has taught Smith that the Lord gives us all that we need and to look within the find tr ue Dharma Bum peace.Being a Dharma Bum is not something that can be defined as one particular thing. Following certain procedures such as disposing of worldly possessions to look within and find oneself is a good step, but cannot truly define one’s journey. The Dharma Bums that Smith learns from, the Saint Teresa bum, Han Shan, and Japhy are all great examples and can be learned from. Many things can be taken away from their own personal journey such as the focus on nature and looking inward. Works Cited Kerouac, Jack. The Dharma Bums. New York: Penguin, 2006. Print.

Clinical Practices Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Clinical Practices Paper - Essay Example It should not be misconstrued that one type of learning must be followed to help every student learn. Central to learning styles for any student is to find those models of teaching that work most effectively for the individuals learning style so that they become more instantly ready to understand the coursework and do well on a test. The research shows that there are many methods currently being used. There are several basic ways that a student must learn different types of material. As an example, some pieces of knowledge must be memorized. This would include lists of facts or aspects of the human body and body systems that are important to know when you are working with patients. Azzarello (2007) points out that there are three stages of knowledge that students must develop. In the first stage, the declarative stage of learning, students find these lists and common knowledge important. They must not only learn the material, but be able to apply the knowledge to their clinical studies. In stage two, called the procedural stage, students must take the knowledge they have and apply it to situations that may not have come up in other settings. With this knowledge, they must use critical thinking and problem solving to add to the knowledge they have about the situation. In the last stage, which the author calls structural knowledge, a student must understand how procedural knowledge and declarative knowledge relate to one another. This basically means that students will need to understand an organized way of bringing the knowledge together (Azzarello, p. 3). The author suggests that in order to understand what students are learning structurally that Pathfinder scaling techniques can be used. A study was conducted to see whether this was feasible and found that it was one way that students could be evaluated. This is a stronger way to evaluate than concept mapping and most students in the study thought some of the work was

Influence of Television on the Behaviour and Attitude of People Essay

Influence of Television on the Behaviour and Attitude of People - Essay Example As the discussion outlines the socially aware people realized that we have been colonized by a veritable ruler and our daily life has been monitored in accordance with the discretions of this box. They started to attribute the abrupt change in attitude and behaviour to the television. Television has played a revolutionary role as a mass medium to disseminate information at a much faster pace as compared to other forms of media. This helps in speeding up the learning process at an early age. It is only due to the television that we are better informed about the harder facts of life. The unique way of presenting information makes it more acceptable to the viewers. The informative television shows give us a detail picture of the incidents and give us the insight of the people residing in even the remotest corner of the world. National Geographic channel, for instance, enlightens its viewers with their well-researched shows on wildlife and various expeditions undertaken all around the wo rld. Television bridges the age-differences and helps its viewers to get complete exposure to the outside world. Even the young viewers get complete thrill of venturing on an Amazon safari through television triggering their imaginative mind for their better.  Television, as an audio-visual medium presents its subjects through powerful visual images which directly speak to the viewers. The images offer a great deal of information and have an enormous potential to shape the reality of the viewers.  

Slavery and Paternalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Slavery and Paternalism - Essay Example The official system was also not a choice for slaves to rely on for aid as they had no official rights. Douglass stated his story when he was a slave. He declares many horrible acts committed by the slaveholders in Talbot County (his birthplace). Douglass declares that in Talbot County slaying or punishing a slave is not considered as unusual or offensive. He further explains the story of a slaveholder who kills two of his slaves and despite of his declaration of the two murders neither anyone put him in jail, nor taken any action against him. Douglass gave some more examples of such horrible deaths of slaves for their minor mistakes. He stated the story of his own cousin who was beaten harshly by a lady with an oak stick just because he fell asleep while watching the lady's child. Such harsh and horrible behavior and dreadful murder of a slave needed to be noticed and forwarded for some solution but this horrifying murder did not seem enough to take action against the lady. One more declaration was that an old slave of Colonel Lloyd was shot just because he encroached mistakenly onto private land. The killer visited Colonel Lloyd to clarify what occurred and the entire issue settled down. Douglass declares quiet repulsively and regretfully that 1"it was worth a half-cent to kill a 'nigger,' and a half-cent to bury one." Chapter 4, pg. 69 Douglass disagrees with the statement that the slaveholders take care of their slaves from their birth till their death and he also refused that slaves have any kind of freedom. As he declares, 2"The whisper that my master was my father, may or may not be true; and, true or false, it is of but little consequence to my purpose whilst the fact remains, in all its glaring odiousness, that slaveholders have ordained, and by law established, that the children of slave women shall in all cases follow the condition of their mothers; and this is done too obviously to administer to their own lusts, and make a gratification of their wicked desires profitable as well as pleasurable; for by this cunning arrangement, the slaveholder, in cases not a few, sustains to his slave the double relation of master and father." Chapter 1, pg. 49 Douglass stated the whole period of his slavery in pain and did not like the rules that were just in favor of the slaveholders. He wanted to escape from this disgraceful and terrible County where the slaves were not even considered as human beings. He hated the behaviors of slaveholders with their slaves. The statement of Douglass further points toward the cruelty and fear of the white men (slaveholders). 3"A single word from the white men was enough-against all our wishes, prayers, and entreaties-to sunder forever the dearest friends, dearest kindred, and strongest ties known to human beings." Chapter 8, pg. 90 To support his argument he gave many examples of murders committed by the masters and their cruelty even as a result of the minor mistakes. Colonel Lloyd had a lot of slaves that he does not recognize them all and they do not all recognize him. It is stated that one day as Colonel Lloyd was on a trip; he meets up a slave and inquires him about his master. As the slave answers that he belongs to Colonel Lloyd, he inquires the slave if his master takes care of him. The slave, unaware of

SWOT Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

SWOT Analysis - Essay Example The major strength of the Walt Disney Company is its wide product portfolio, which provides it with a huge and diversified product portfolio. The diverse products include; 14 theme parks globally, ABC broadcast television services, cable television services like Disney Channel, and merchandising products. The main weakness of the company is based on the inappropriate or insensitive production content. Some animated family productions have hidden sexual representations; for example, The Lion King (1994). The significant opportunity entails increasing international demand for cable, television and film entertainment products. Adequate financial capital of the company ensures investments in international marketing strategies and products, for the products of the company. The key threat experienced by the company entails intense competition in the global entertainment industry. The major competitor organization is Comcast, which is the leading revenue earner in the broadcast and cable entertainment industry (Gabler 276). Walt Disney Company has put in place effective measures of using the strengths and opportunities, so as to minimize the negative impact of the weaknesses and threats. The wide product portfolio attract huge international customer base, and thus minimize competition and creates products that suits individual needs of customers. Increasing international demand increases market share of the company. Adequate financial investments should thus be made in product development and

The View on American Revolution through Correspondence of that Times Essay - 1

The View on American Revolution through Correspondence of that Times - Essay Example Benjamin Franklin was so interested in politics and science besides editing and publishing Pennsylvanian gazette where he liked poor Richard’s Almanack, which was the best manual seller by then. Benjamin did so well and retired from his business of printing at the young age of 40 years. Franklin directed all his writings to the public at large except on occasions when he sent correspondence to Mrs. King, by covering critical areas of finance and people at work. The contention was to fully part of Richard’s principles by standing alone in decision making without coercion from a third party. All his teachings were scripted around 1757 in his book titled the way to wealth. In 1776-1783 Abigail and John Adams appreciated the need to rectify the gender inequities which were inherent in law, politics, and society. Purposely, these were pertinent matters in reconstituting government to reflect gender sensitivity. They also maintained capacious correspondences with some other people, for instance, their friends such as Mercy Otis, Joseph Warren, and many others. Abigail also talked about the history of revolution and other priorities of women in the society. Adams and other female patriots took additional snag to sustain family ranches and making business running. Th rough reading the collections titled â€Å"family letters on revolutionary matters†, the justification will be realized in the stability of government in sustaining the colony (Pinckney, p 52-64). The article was at a time when Americans were undergoing heavy social and political development. It typically outlines the difficult period as evidenced by the adversity writers underwent. American Revolution came as a result of a chain political and social intellectual change in government which was cooperatively referred as the; American enlightenment. During this time, the British released invasion armies together with there commanding navy to desolate the coast.  

The Original of Arab Theater Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Original of Arab Theater - Research Paper Example Quran as the basic holy book of Islam seems to provide no exact and solid proofs of prohibition of theatre because Quran as any serious scripture requires thorough and dedicated interpretation that is why prohibition of theatre cannot be directly found in the text, and it can only be achieved as interpretation of the texts. All in all, the opposition between Islamic dogma and theatre existed for a long time and prevented flourishing of this type of visual art on the territory of Arab countries. However, Islam culture has shaped the traditions that were very similar to the theatrical representation of other countries, European in particular. It is also quite interesting that despite prohibition of theater separate works of prominent Greek authors were translated in the beginning of the 8th century. However, despite the fact that many scholars deny existing of the theatre in Arab countries in its traditional understanding (a play on a stage with real actors a), some argue that separate forms of Islamic culture can be considered pre-theatrical phenomena. According to Botintshiva, there is a number of performances that were popular in Arab countries from Middle Ages: Al-Hakawati (Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ­Ã™Æ'ÙˆØ §Ã˜ ªÃ™Å  ), is the type of art that presupposes oral retelling of stories in public places, such as city markets or coffe shops that was popular in many Arab cities such as Cairo, Bagdad, Damascus, Marrakesh .There were also variations of story-tellers some of which preferred accompanying themselves with musical instruments such as lyres. Religious ceremonies that were conducted every year among Shi’ite Muslims aimed to commemorate the death of the nephew of Prophet Mohammed. The rituals reminded mourning which is common for the ritual of funerals and were accompanied by sympathy expression, crying, and singing. In the course of the ritual the story telling about al-Husain`s arrival to Iraq and his unexpected

Biotech Ethics and Advancement Essay Example for Free

Biotech Ethics and Advancement Essay Biotechnology: Of Ethics and Advancement Thousands of years ago, early man, like the rest of earths fauna and flora, was at the mercy of the elements; we relied on natures gratitude when it came to finding food and survival. As Charles Darwin would say, only the fittest could survive Mother Natures test. Eventually, however, a fully-evolved man turned the tide of the competition; we began to domesticate the once savage beasts we hunted and competed with like wolves and horses turning them into livestock and our own companions bred out of their natural ferocity, to grow our own food for our own and tart agriculture, and eventually we started to settle down into permanent communities. Man had transcended nature when the first steps of human civilization began to grow. Since then, man had crafted its own grand design for himself; the discovery of metals like Bronze and Iron, to the Pyramids of Egypt and Cities of Rome, and the rest, as they say, Is modern history. In the Modern world, we still have that said control, and with It we have now intrinsically used our knowledge to design nature herself In our Ideal Image. Technological Advancements have allowed us wield it as we pleasure. We can now edit Mother Natures work and remake It anew through our vast Interference with the body that is Science. The presence of GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms), Dolly and all her Cloned brethren, and Real life Cyborg-Animals are Just samples of what weVe done to her. Eventually, because of this, someone Just had to say It: When will it be too much? When will we know when weVe gone too far? That Is where Ethics falls in, our man-made balance of whether or not, In the most basic sense, what we do Is right or wrong. Ethics has long been a question of how much more we can do to these once all natural things and make them artificially enhanced. When can we truly say that we, the masters have abused our power? One cannot mistake, however, that human alteration of natural things Is only a recent occurrence. Like I said, since the earliest ages of man we already tampered with nature as we sought. We turned once vlclous and wild wolves, through our process of selectively breeding the weaker ones, Into the loyal and lovable K9 friends we have today minus the genes of aggression. Pavlov strapped d own dogs to make psychological breakthroughs In condltlonlng. World War 2 scientists strapped bombs to dogs, dolphins, and even bats to assist them In fighting the enemy. Indeed, this tinkering of human hands has always been there. It now falls onto us people of today to see If things can still be set as Is. How much more can we do for our species own satisfaction? The Ethical question must always be present whenever we trod upon something as sensltlve as the condltlon of llvlng things. Animals, Ilke any other llvlng being, have xtremes in straining those rights to our needs. The uncertainty of Science itself shows that we cannot always control what happens to them come experiment time. The fear of abusing these innocent creatures is always on the minds of the very ethical/moral such as Animal Rights groups and such. Modern Genetics and Technology have sometimes crossed lines for the sake of advancement, such as taking away a creatures autonomy to turn them into natural robots. If this is truly how far Advancement has gone into sacrificing Lifes basic rules, then these righteous people really do have a reason to riot and protest.

National Health Policy Of India

National Health Policy Of India The National Health Policy of 1983 was announced during the Sixth plan period. The National Health Policy (NHP) in light of the Directive Principles of the constitution of India recommends universal, comprehensive primary health care services which are relevant to the actual needs and priorities of the community at a cost which people can afford (MoHFW, 1983, 3-4). It recommended the establishment of a nationwide network of epidemiological stations that would facilitate the integration of various health interventions. It set up targets for achievement that were primarily demographic in nature. The NHP 1983 stated that: India is committed to attaining the goal of Health for All by the Year AD 2000, through the universal provision of comprehensive primary health care services. This goal was in line with the 1978 Alma-Ata conference of the WHO. Some of the policy initiatives outlined in the NHP-1983 have yielded results, while, in several other areas, the outcome has not been as expected. National Health Policy of India 2002 The results of the 1983 policy have been mixed. The most noteworthy initiative under this policy was a phased, time-bound programme for setting up a well dispersed network of comprehensive primary healthcare services. However the financial resources and public health administrative capacity which it was possible to marshal, was far short of that necessary to achieve such an ambitious and holistic goal. The outcomes have been far less than targets as NHP 1983 was a set of broad-based macro-level recommendations spanning not only the health sector, but also sectors associated with other contributors such as water supply, sanitation, environment, nutrition, etc. to the health status of the population. Thus against the above backdrop the existing health policy was modified in 2002 and the National health policy 2002 was formulated. The National Health Policy 2002 renews its commitment to expeditiously control communicable diseases, eliminate a few and contain the rest in a time-bound manner. Some of the time bound goal this policy expects to achieve are shown in the table below: Goal Target Dates Eradicate polio and yaws 2005 Eliminate leprosy 2005 Eliminate kala-azar 2010 Eliminate lymphatic filariasis 2015 Achieve zero level growth of HIV/AIDS 2007 Reduce mortality by 50% on account of tuberculosis, malaria and other vector and water-borne diseases 2010 Reduce prevalence of blindness to 0.5% 2010 2010 Reduce infant mortality rate to 30/1000 and maternal mortality rate to 100/100000 2010 Increase utilization of public health facilities from current level of 75% 2010 Establish an integrated system of surveillance, national health accounts and health statistics 2005 Increase health expenditure by government as a % of GDP from the existing 0.9% to 2% 2010 Increase share of Central grants to constitute at least 25% of total health spending 2010 Increase state sector health spending (from 5.5% to 7% of budget) 2005 Further increase state sector health spending to 8% of budget 2010 In this essay we analyse the national health policy by addressing the following questions: Have the tasks enlisted in the 2002 NHP been fulfilled as desired? Did the 2002 NHP sufficiently reflect the ground realities in health care provision? And lastly, what are the gaps in national health policy formulation and what is the road ahead for the health policy of the country? Achievements of the NHP 2002: India achieved the lowest ever polio transmission levels in 2010, especially during the high transmission season. Also a sharp decline was seen in number of polio cases reported with only 633 polio cases reported in November 2010 compared to 633 cases in 2009 Adult HIV prevalence at national level has declined from 0.41% in 2000 to 0.31% in 2009. The estimated number of new annual HIV infections has declined by more than 50% over the past decade. According to data from National AIDS Control Organization, there has been an overall reduction in adult HIV prevalence and HIV incidence (new infections) in India. Leprosy Prevalence Rate has been further reduced to 0.71/10,000 2010. 32 State/UTs (except Bihar, Chhattisgarh and Dadra Nagar Haveli) have achieved elimination by March 2010. Similar progress of elimination has also been in 81% of districts and 77% of Block PHC in the country. TB mortality in the country has reduced from over 42/lakh population in 1990 to 23/lakh population in 2009 as per the WHO global report 2010. As per the WHO global TB report, 2010 the prevalence of TB in the country has reduced from 338/lakh population in 1990 to 249/lakh population by the year 2009. Problems not addressed by NHP 2002 NHP 2002 completely omits the concept of comprehensive and universal healthcare. The policy thus departs from the fundamental concept of the NHP 1983 and the Alma Ata Declaration. By its silence, the NHP 2002 provides a framework for the dismantling of the entire concept of primary healthcare. Importantly, the section on policy prescriptions in the NHP 2002 is silent on the content of the primary healthcare system. Despite the increase financial resources dedicated to health care the country continues to struggle in creating sufficient healthcare infrastructure. The government estimated there was a shortage of 4,803 primary health centres and 2,653 community health centres in 2006. According to a study conducted by the Confederation of Indian Industry, the formal healthcare system reaches only about 50% of the total population. India is also desperately short of doctors, with only 645,825, or 0.6 per 1,000 people, in 2004, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO). Even though the NHP 2002 plans to raise public health investment to 2% of GDP, the target is far less than the WHO recommended target of 5%. The policy does admit grave deficiencies in the health sector and notes how only 20 per cent of the population seeks OPD services and is forced to turn to private clinics. It also admits the collapse of the primary healthcare system and acknowledges the poor coverage of womens health and prevention of infant mortality. Ironically, its prescriptions fail to address the problems or offer solutions. The policy calls for providing incentives to the private sector to move to the primary healthcare system. However, the experience in urban centres has been discouraging. The incentives in terms of subsidised land, water, electricity and duty-free import facility doled out to high-profile private medical centres and hospitals in the urban areas has seen little benefit for the poor. Very few of these hospitals conform to the mandatory provision of free medical care to the population below the poverty line or the reservation of a certain percentage of their beds for the poor. Recommendations and conclusion: Although the Indian economy had high growth rates in recent years (9Â ·4% in 2005-06 and 9Â ·6% in 2006-07, with a consistent 7Â ·0% growth rate even during the period of global economic slowdown), according to the Human Development Index India is ranked 134 among 182 countries. Indias economic transformation does not seem to have produced tangible improvements in the health of the nation, and the recognition that improvement in health contributes to accelerated economic growth has not led to adequate investment in or improved the efficiency of health care. The NHP 2002 fails to check the growing influence of the private sector in the health care system. The private sector grew in an uncoordinated manner, to become the default option for healthcare in many cases. In an unregulated environment, neither the private sector nor the public sector provided an assurance of quality or access. The increasing dependence on the private sector, in addition to very weak regulation and corruption, has led to a huge increase in health-care costs in the country. Considering the above scenario the new healthcare policy or any other healthcare plan of the government should focus mainly on achieving the following objectives in the period of next 10 years: Ensure the reach and quality of health services to all in India; Reduce the financial burden of health care on individuals; Empower people to take care of their health and hold the health-care system accountable. Thus the new policy should again focus on the goal of universal health care which was mentioned in the NHP 1983, but was sidelined in the NHP 2002. Strategic plan to achieve healthcare goals: In this section we briefly discuss the goals that are desired to be achieved by the new healthcare policy framework and proposed strategies to achieve these goals. Goal: Integrate private and public health-care delivery systems Strategies: All health-care institutions and practitioners should be required to register with a national health regulatory agency and make this information available on the internet. Define a rational mix of public and private health-care services to enhance complementarities, and invest in further development of public health-care services including health promotion and prevention services. Goal: Create a universal health-care fund and reduce the cost of health care Strategies: Increase the proportion of gross domestic product as public health expenditure Merge all existing health insurance funds (eg, Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojna, Arogyasri) with this fund Apply heavy taxes on harmful products such as tobacco products, alcohol, and foods of low nutritional value, and allocate most revenue to health care Define the costs of all essential and emergency health-care interventions, and finance a package of care that is based on diseases that should be prioritised and cost-effective interventions Negotiate prices with providers, including caps, for different services on the basis of the cost of the care packages Invest in health promotion and early recognition of disease Goal: Increase the numbers, diversity, and distribution of human health resources Strategies: Establish an autonomous organisation to govern the supply of a full range of health workers, from accredited social health activists to doctors to health administrators Strengthen the role of community health workers with clearly defi ned skills, adequate remuneration, and career paths Encourage postings in rural or other underserved areas through increased salaries and other incentives such as provision of education to children Establish the Indian Health Service for careers in government health care All senior personnel in the Ministry of Health should be required to have public health training Promote the creation of medical and nursing colleges in underserved districts Goal: Promote evidence-based health-care practices Strategies: Establish an autonomous organisation to set guidelines for care practices in the Integrated National Health System Monitor and regulate the use of practices that are not based on evidence Strengthen capacities of health and non-health policy makers to recognise the importance of this approach Increase resources for priority health research Implement and act on the findings of district and national health surveillance and information systems, and encourage assessments Goal: Promote rational use of drugs and technology Strategies: Promote use of generic drugs through a wide network of pharmacies for generic drugs, with at least one in each block Ban incentives by pharmaceutical and medical technology companies to practitioners or consumer groups Negotiate bulk purchasing for patented drugs Make the best use of information technology that is being developed for the health system Goal: Create a decentralised governance structure that responds to local needs and is accountable Strategies: Create systems for accountability of local health-care services to fully empowered civil society groups Provide flexibility and expertise in districts and subdistricts to plan local health-care management plans Monitor and promote equity, efficiency, effectiveness, and accountability in the health-care system

The Currently Undergoing Change In Business Commerce Essay

The Currently Undergoing Change In Business Commerce Essay All organizations that are currently undergoing some kind of change.  Many of these programs on the changes resulting from management practices, such as culture change, business process engineering, empowerment and quality of the whole.  Other initiatives, the changes are dependent on the needs of the organization to reposition the face of changing competitive conditions.   A good example is the ongoing process of change at Marks Spencer.  Strategic Change The term is usually reserved for such initiatives.  These transitions are often related radicals in the organization, which includes strategy, structure, systems, processes and culture.  Success in implementing strategic change in organizations is poor.  Many simply do not understand that the implementation (which is actually turning plans into reality), and not the wording that is difficult.  To the strategic objective becomes a reality, it is necessary to change the way people behave in organizations. This will require more restructuring and new systems.   Background of change   Faster pace of change is the starting point.  Sure, companies live in times of change, indeed, more turbulent age than ever.  But what was true for many years.  What happened to that last, managers realized that without changes in not only miss opportunities, can kill or paralyze society.  Even if an organization indulges in finally change may be too late to prevent continual arthritis of the company.   Marks Spencer has been horribly damaged, not only by his lawyer about the size of its reserves, but by managing cattle demonstrated that corresponds to unravel.  M S, after serving what turned out to be a strong reflection of heavy blows of its reputation and profits fell by a few weak sales.   The worst thing is that Suns statistics were accompanied by anecdotal evidence bad choice of clothing for women, lack of resources, attractive shops which confirmed that the problems were not resolved.  M S knew that he needed the conversion to a retailer who fleet feet, a magnet for vendors and managers, and a dynamic leader in the field of fashion.  But M S was never one of those three things.   During the long reign of dominance Rick Greenbury, the consolidated unnecessary functions from the past: from top to bottom, slowly and deeply conservative.   Description of changes in the organization   The process of change can be difficult,  may be slow and painful.  People by nature do not like change.  Companies naturally do not like change.  The question is whether we want to drive the implementation of strategic changes in our business, how much pain we are ready to commit to adopting means for change?   We must first ask the reasons for changes in the business environment?  There are four modes of changes that may occur in any company and be seen as the primary cause. The theory of change management   Managing change in the tradition of organizational development, considers the organization of social systems, and therefore relates to humanistic element in conjunction with the mechanics of the organization.  The aim is to improve the efficiency and prosperity by facilitating the organization of the development process so that eventually the organization is able to solve their problems and adjust if necessary. Therefore, in order to implement effective change, the scientist-physician must be able to adapt and apply appropriate rules to the current situation.   Familiar models for inclusion in our theories in use were selected for their usefulness, adaptation and integration of members of the organization.  They are listed below.   Planned changes to the model of Lewin (1951)   These changes in the oldest and most fundamental are that Lewins change model.  It consists of three stages: melting, movement and refreezing.  The publication is to reduce the peacekeeping forces of organizational behaviour.  The movement involves moving behaviour of the organization and re-freezing is to stabilize the new state.  Lewins saw a change in behaviour of sources in the organization.  These forces are trying to maintain the standard and those who fought for change.   Model of action research   The classical model of action research focuses on the planned changes as an iterative process in which a preliminary examination on the organization is a way for future research and future needs.  Search in the initial phase is estimated to guide research.   The model focuses on the massive data collection and identification prior to any action taking place and a careful evaluation later.  Emphasis is placed on the organization and work with your doctor to change all stages of the process.   Business model is based on the most current research approach to planned change and is often considered synonymous with the IP (Cummings and Worley, 2005)   Kotter Model   According to Kotter, the plans should be established to develop appropriate stages, achievable and measurable changes, while engaging, enable and facilitate the participation of people as quickly and as openly as possible (Kotter, 1995, p. 2-3).   Changes must be realistic, achievable and measurable (Kotter, 1995, p. 6).  These aspects are particularly relevant to management and changes in individual groups.  Prior to the organizational changes, the organization must determine what it wants to achieve with this change, why and how he knows that change is achieved.  It is the address that is affected by this change and how they will react.  Finally, how changes in the organization are able to achieve alone and what aspects of the changes he needs a specialist or outside help to achieve.   Intervention   Our diagnosis, offer interventions to deal with errors or problems and help Marks and Spencer in competition with other organizations.  This list, which is not exhaustive credits towards a cultural change, but taking into account the wider context, which is defined at the beginning of the quantitative changes in corporate strategy are required.  Therefore, the intervention process, which includes culture change, would be best suited for this case.   Transformational change   Transformational change is a relatively new organizational change.  Is concerned about radical change and is essentially change the way the organization is perceived both internally and externally and how it works.   This type of change would be particularly relevant to the case of Marks and Spencer, as it must radically change the way you operate in a competitive environment.   Culture change   The concept of organizational culture has brought a lot of research and culture, many models have been developed to define measure and observe the culture.  However, little consensus about the nature of culture or to understand.  Nevertheless, culture has become a very important part of the organization and activities covering a culture change have increased sharply.   Schein (1990), Millward (2005) model of culture is one of the most commonly used, consists of four layers at different levels of consciousness.  In the centre of the basic assumptions (unconscious, reactions uncontested guide), values (this is important) and norms (how to behave), and finally, artefacts (observable behaviours and procedures).   This metaphor of culture cannot hope to capture all the elements of organizational culture, it is a useful tool in the study.   Need for change To understand how organizations respond to the need for change, we must examine the organizational processes and management, organization transformation through additions, deletions or changes to the resource base leads to the attainment of these processes of change.  We need to know not only what the organization which markets will come, how fast they grow, but how they do it.   Factors that determine the need for strategic change   Organizations usually in response to changes in the external environment, as well as the development of competitive advantages in the organization.  External environmental factors, including:   Social factors Such as changes in demographics and purchasing habits of consumers. Legal factors Legal pressures that force organizations to comply with the law changes, for example, in response to environmental legislation.   Economic factors Relate to the booms and declines in economic activity in general, changes in interest rates, inflation, etc.   Political factors These are related to wider policy changes for example the government to take a particular line of the privatization / role of government in society.   Technological factors Technological aspects of technological advances such as developing new methods based on point of sale by the company.   In addition to these factors, he slept a significant impact on the organization, making competition.   Slept analysis is an analysis of the major changes in the environment of the organization.  This is sometimes called environmental scanning.  Managing change is a key aspect of how the organization responds to changes in an appropriate manner.   Todays managers believe that in the future, organizations need more leaders who can use the talents of the organization in achieving its objectives, the development of a culture that believes change as an opportunity rather than a threat, regularly invent the organization, effectively  planning and implementing change.  To succeed in this environment, managers have to do the right things in the existing well-defined procedures and limitations.  Predictable and stable environment reduces the need to mobilize the organizations capacity, flexibility, creativity and innovation.   The environment has changed radically, and successful organizations and their managers   should behave differently.  Managers in todays environment are needed to  transformation of the organization, to develop good relationships with internal and external  stakeholders, run horizontally and vertically, and not the entire culture lines  enable employees and the development of networks and alliances. Stakeholders in developing a strategy change   Stakeholders are those who have direct interest in the organization and may be beneficial, and harmful to the organization if not properly treated if a policy is adopted in order to keep the company and they should also participate in company affairs and decision making.  The system is planned in this direction in which we can pass our message to all actors in society and be in the best interest of the latter.  Some of it is also relevant for people who do not want to change or resist change.  The behaviour of these people also consider. Resistance to change Responses to organizational change initiatives are no different.  In the beginning there is a small proportion of the early adopters those who want to participate, because I just changed a breakthrough that will lead to better conditions.  Most of the people affected by the initiative of the changes will be far less enthusiastic than the early adopters, but over time they will eventually accept and adjust to it.  Finally, the group will not be very resilient, many of whom will never adapt to the changes in place.  This range of behaviour results from a normal distribution.  It is a natural phenomenon intuitively understood by most managers of change.  Unfortunately, though perhaps unconsciously, to understand the phenomenon, these managers often do not use this knowledge to better organize an effective change.   The aim is to adopt the first to develop their support and consciously use their influence to speed up the most reluctant to change.  It is important to understand that they do not reflect the impact of hierarchical position.  Leaders are natural leaders and respected functional experts who are well connected.  They are nodes in the social, business, politics and communications networks, and their sphere of influence goes beyond the scope of their parent organization.  While these influential illustrate its support for the changes, they are a marketing tool more powerful than any message issued by the office of managing change.   Strategies should be performed on the leaders of high or medium, the goal is to transform them into the first users, and use its influence over the end of the interest or commitment.  For those who cannot be pulled forward or to the small force, aims to accelerate the speed of their adaptation to help them better understand and prepare for the consequences of change.   It is also focusing on people who are able to adapt, but because of its unique combination of knowledge, skills or abilities, but a significant contribution.   Some people will be unwilling or unable to adapt to change.  They are already able to demonstrate their acceptance and respect for a change, otherwise, may suffer the consequences clear.  Include initiatives that will affect change, how it will affect them and what their reactions might be important for the success of the strategy changes.   When an organization brings new things about people, there will be problems. Participation, involvement and open, early, full communication are important factors.   How to tell change to people The workshops are very useful process to develop a common understanding, methods, principles, methods, systems, ideas, etc.   Surveys are useful to repair the damage and lack of trust among employees if you allow people to fill them out anonymously, and provided that publish and implement the findings.  You cannot force change individuals and teams must have the right to seek their own solutions and responses, the facilitation and management support, tolerance and compassion for managers and executives.  Management style and leadership behaviour are more important than intelligence and the political process.  Employees must have confidence in the organization.   A leader must listen to and work with these ideas, or change can be very painful, and soon will be lost in the process.   You may also find that the main problem is the resistance of the people and defence of someone who is in the organization, what you do.  After this challenge, you can begin to compare what is happening with what the organization intends to do (mission, values, goals, priorities, targets, key performance indicators, process measures), as people feel things (marketing, maintenance workers, morale and attitudes  ) as well as customers and suppliers feel too much (in fact, go out and find clients and former clients in particular).   Follow the protocol is very difficult you have properly with people and explain who you are and what you do.  Be polite.  Respect the people more than usual; because they are sensitive, it is understandable.   The framework for change management at Marks Spencer   Marks Spencer has been under pressure to change the external economic factors and not yet answered correctly.  It is for this reason that the approach proposed amendment is necessary to initiate and implement change is being driven by the management of physician (s).   Using current models and theories of change management in the organization development, proposed a framework for planned changes that could be used by Marks Spencer.   Context of Changing   First, in the context of the situation to be addressed in order to develop appropriate methods of change.  This can be done in three dimensions:   The volume changes   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Incremental change to solve specific problems such as lack of communication and low customer satisfaction   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Quantum amendment to change the basic functioning of organizations, including the structure and culture   Degree of organization   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Over-organized where policies are too rigid for effective action due to poor communication, conflict avoidance, etc.   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sub-structured where there is too little regulation for the effective operation due to lack of direction and coordination structure.   Domestic vs International   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cultural differences, especially between Eastern and Western societies, for example, Asian countries tend to be hierarchical and North America deal with individuality.  It can be difficult to implement change, which encourages openness among employees when it is not viewed positively.   In the case of Marks and Spencer, the magnitude of change is that major changes in the quantum of culture, structure and strategy must be addressed.  They will be included in the applied intervention.  They are also highly organized society with the management system now that he is honoured to be part of the overall problem.  Although the system successfully in the past, is steeped in ancient culture and able to adapt to a redesigned image of Marks Spencer.  Therefore, the process of change at Marks Spencer will focus on softening of the structure.  General review, Marks Spencer, will be treated as a citizen of the operation of this case, since closed down its operations in Europe and North America sold its franchise stores in Hong Kong.   The model change is composed of seven steps to help developers to the key issues of transformation.  Activities focus on people, leadership, trust, vision, empowerment, celebration and institutionalization.  Despite the emerging linear stages can occur simultaneously.  Effective communication is the mortar.  There must be open and honest communication in every step of the process, and communication needs to combine these steps together.  Nothing can destroy the effort to change sooner or permanently, that poor communication.   Here are the steps for effective transition.   Assessment and solve human problems   Contractor changes need to invest time and effort to understand the problems of people does not appear in place of those who suffered, and then practice the golden rule of treating others as they would be treated.   Exercise strong leadership in the organization   Without strong leadership, positive change will not.  Leadership can no longer be the domain of a few organizations all the staff responsible should do what it takes to achieve organizational goals.  This is especially true when change must occur.  Many must step in and assume leadership.  Spreading leadership and decision-making responsibilities, inspires and motivates everyone to play a role in implementing the changes.   Building trust in the leadership   Confidence is simply the belief that it would suffer if threatened.  Obviously, the level of mutual trust between labour and management or between supervisors and subordinates affects the health of the organization.   Clearly articulate the vision to all   If you want to change, please explain the reason and purpose of fundamental change. People cannot have a real idea of where the organization is or what problems it faces. You have to tell them.  They need to understand the purpose for the desired result.  Be prepared to answer these questions: What is the problem?  Who said that?  What happens if you do not change?   Creating an helpful environment Organizations can do everything possible to prepare the ground for change in response to the concerns of people in order to demonstrate strong leadership, building trust, formulating a vision all, that is, but to create an environment to enable success.   Honest answer is that you can get almost as much as you want to manage anything else of a turbulent, messy, chaotic nature, it is not really manage it, talk with her.  It is a question of leadership is one of management skills.   The first thing to do is jump in. You cannot do something outside.   A clear sense of mission or purpose is essential.  A simple mission, the better.   Building a team that can work hard and one of them is the team leader. Pick people with relevant skills and high energy levels.  Youll need two.   Set flexible priorities.  You must have the ability to drop what youre doing and tend to something more important.   Treat everything as a temporary measure.   Ask for volunteers.  You will be surprised that arises.  You will be pleasantly surprised what you can do.   Find a good boss or team leader and stay in his way.   Conclusion   In concluding this report, we can say that effective reforms introduced to the strategy are to maximize the huge returns if these changes are well managed.   In this report, and Spencer takes on the characters thinking and different models are also discussed to show the strategic shift from Marks Spencer, which is a leading company in the UK, but suffered from some activities for that has to change, and finally models Kotter and Lewins,  a representative of the role of stakeholders that their existence in the affairs of the company is very necessary to be able to join in their decisions and At last appropriate model is also developed, which will provide guidance for better performance. Dont Do Change for the Sake of Change Do Change to Enhance Organizational Performance

no title :: essays research papers

What is our purpose here? How did we become to be? Many humans ask these questions at some point in their life. The answers are very controversial. Some people say a higher power created the universe and everything in it. That our purpose for living is to serve the power. Others give scientific reasons for our existence such as the Big Bang, that our purpose for living is simply survival. The first theory stated above is known as Creationism. The other is evolution the majority of schools encourage this. But the both of them may not be true. Evolution disproves Creationism as Creationism disproves evolution. Why is one not clearly right and the other clearly false? Lack of hard proof makes Creationism hard to believe, and gaps in the evolution chain makes that hard to believe. Is there no middle ground on these two issues? To understand the conflict of Creationism and evolution you must first understand Creationism. Creationism is the theory that all life was started by a higher power. Creationists believe the version of creation found in the Bible in the book of Genesis. (1, L. Ross) The story of this higher power creating the universe, galaxies, planets, animals, plants and everything else. The tale of Adam and Eve is part of this theory. Noah and his ark saved all the species that live today from a great flood. The belief that the higher power gave each creature what it needs to survive and reproduce. In this teaching the earth is not over 100,000 years old. So how could evolution be true since evolution requires that earth and other things on earth are much older then that. Along with understanding Creationism you must understand Evolution. Evolution is the theory of the Big Bang, natural selection and other theories like that. A broad definition of it is "Species change over time.". (1, E. Jeremy) That there are reasons why plants, animals, and everything else is the way it is. Take humans for example, we evolved from primates so that we could survive. It was a slow process making little changes at a time. The big bang is the theory that all matter in the universe was created by a massive explosion. That certain species died out because they were not strong enough and could not change. While others who could change adapted to the environment to survive best.

preparation of isopentyl acetate :: essays research papers

INTRODUCTION Isopentyl acetate, "banana oil", is a naturally occurring compound that possesses a distinctive odor. It is found in bananas, as well as many other organisms. This experiment attempts to produce isopentyl acetate by heating under reflux, which involves heating the mixture in a flask with a condenser placed vertically in the neck since any escaping vapours condense and run back into the flask, by combining isopentyl alcohol with acetic acid and an acid catalyst. The product was isolated using a combination of techniques -- acid-base extraction, drying, and distillation -- and was characterized by its boiling temperature and its refractive index. Esterification is a condensation reaction where two molecules are joined together to form a larger molecule with the simultaneous loss of water. This ester in this experiment is isopentyl acetate formed from acetic acid and isopentyl alcohol. The reaction is catalyzed by hydrochloric acid, a Fisher esterification process, (McMurry, p780-781) but the catalyst affects only the rate of reaction, and not the extent of reaction. The desired product accumulates only if the equilibrium constant is favorable. As it happens, the equilibrium constant for this reaction is rather small (~4) (comparing bond energies in the reactants and products will tip you off as to why the equilibrium constant is so small). Therefore, simply mixing equal amounts of the starting materials will convert only about 67% of the starting material into product. To drive the equilibrium forward Le Chatelier's principle is used, in this case there are two ways to adjust reagent concentrations to force isopentyl alcohol to become isopentyl acetate. One way is to remove product as it forms. The other way is to use a large excess of acetic acid. This experiment is based on the latter approach, but it raises two issues. We can use excess acetic acid only if acetic acid is cheap, and if unreacted acetic acid can be removed easily from the product mixture (Organic chemistry lab. Manual, p32). In this lab had to use acid- base extraction process. Since isopentyl acetate is soluble in diethyl ether, but acetic acid is soluble in both solvents. Therefore, a simple extraction procedure would remove only some of the acetic acid from isopentyl acetate, but it would not completely separate the two compounds. An acid-base extraction improves on the simple two-solvent extraction scheme by using acid-base reactions to change acetic acid into another compound with different solubility behavior. Hence, we convert acetic acid into, sodium acetate, and obtain a compound that is soluble in water, but not in diethyl ether.

Violent Video Games Might Be to Blame for Violent Behavior

Violent Video Games Might Be to Blame for Violent Behavior Is Media Violence a Problem? ,  2010 ————————————————- Top of Form Bottom of Form Mark and Keisha Hoerrner, â€Å"Video  Game  Violence,†Ã‚  Children's Voice, vol. 15, January/February 2006. Copyright  © 2006 Child Welfare League of America. All Rights Reserved. Reproduced by permission. Mark Hoerrner is a writer and the author of several articles on the media's effect on children. Keisha Hoerrner is department chair of Kennesaw State University's First-Year Programs and a researcher who specializes in children and media issues.While many parents scoff at letting their children watch violent movies, they often consent to buying violent  video  games for their teenagers without checking the industry ratings. Researchers contend that a link exists between violent  video  games and real-life  v iolence  in teenagers and young adults. Violent images don't necessarily create violent children, but gamers learn that  violence  is an accepted means to solve problems, and they perfect shooting skills as though they were handling real weapons.Even though games can teach children valuable coordination skills, parents and caregivers need to make sure that their children only view age-appropriate content and are made aware of the difference between on-screen actions and socially acceptable behavior in the real world. Thomas has a 21-inch flat-screen monitor and an optimized computer with a 4 GHZ processing speed. His hard drive is fast and large; he's packed in close to three gigabytes of RAM and has a  video  card with dual 512K processors. It's all about speed and graphical processing. He's jacked in to a high-speed Internet connection, and he's off and running.Thomas isn't a programmer or a network engineer, though he's considering that as a possibility for the future. He doesn't have to worry about that now, though—he's only 13 years old and has a long time to make up his mind about a career. For now, he's content with the fact that in the next three hours, he'll commit 147 felonies including aggravated assault, murder, attempted murder, robbery, arson, burglary, conspiracy, assault with a deadly weapon, drug trafficking, and auto theft while violating just about every section of the RICO Act, the nation's nti-organized crime law. He'll even be so brazen as to gun down bystanders and police officers and will personally beat someone to death with a golf club. All without ever leaving his room. ————————————————- A Link to Violent Behavior Retired Lt. Col. Dave Grossman, a former [U. S. ] Army Ranger and tactical trainer, asserts that  video  games are actively training children to kill. Learning, he says, happens all the time, especially during active play.The subject of that active play, however, can be negative or positive. Grossman has authored two books on the connection between violent media and actual  violence. He argues that children learn to use weapons and become sharpshooters through simulated games the same way soldiers use simulations to improve their shooting precision. Just as children can improve their phonics withLearn to Read with Winnie the Pooh, they can learn to shoot with deadly accuracy playing  Doom,  Splinter Cell,  Hitman, and other first-person shooter games.Grossman has been a consultant to a number of school systems following deadly shooting incidents, assisting with grief counseling and understanding what brings children from what should be a carefree time in their lives to the point of committing multiple murders. In his book,  Stop Teaching Our Kids to Kill[: A Call to Action Against TV, Movie &  Video  Game  Violence], Grossman says that in 1997's high school shooting in Paducah, Kentucky, the 14-year-old who opened fire on a before-school prayer group landed eight out of eight shots on eight different targets.Five of those were head shots [gunshot wounds to the head]. According to the FBI, in shootouts less than three meters from their targets, trained law enforcement officers land, on average, one out of five shots—these are trained officers who are familiar with their weapons. The teenage shooter had never held a real gun before his shooting rampage, Grossman says. He had, however, spent long hours playing first-person shooter games that simulated killing with the same weapon he used that morning.Grossman, who now travels the country talking to police departments and educators, asserts that the combination of playing these games and watching violent movies taught the youth how to load, actively target, and shoot as if he had been watching an instructional  video. ——————— —————————- Making Right or Wrong Choices Unlike watching a  video  or television show, a child is actively making choices and weighing options when playing  video  games. He or she is rewarded for certain behaviors, which, depending on the  game, may range from solving a puzzle to opening fire on a group of bystanders. In a violent  video  game, you rehearse the entire aggression sequence from beginning to end,† says mediaviolence  researcher Craig [A. ] Anderson, chair of Iowa State University's Department of Psychology. â€Å"You have to be vigilant, looking for enemies, looking for potential threats; you have to decide how to deal with the threat, what weapon to use, and how to use it; and then you take physical action to behave aggressively within the  game. It's society, not science, that must decide how to deal with the negative effects of violent  videogames.We have considerable evidence these games cause violent behavior,† Anderson says, pointing to hundreds of scientific studies on  video  games, and more than 3,000 on the effects of other violent media, that he says all suggest a causal link between violent behavior and the consumption of violent content. This isn't an overt link, he cautions—a child isn't likely to go out and commit a major felony after playing a violentgame  for an hour—but children will act more aggressively and show more negative social action, such as the intent to do  violence  to another person, over time. ———————————————— Positive Aspects of Video Games Anderson is quick to note, however, that games have positive aspects. He bought his son a copy of the flight simulator  game  Flight Unlimited  and a realistic joystick and foot pedal. His son spent considerable time learning to fly, which pai d off when the child went to a NASA summer camp and was assigned the role of pilot on a space shuttle mission simulator. Anderson's son was able to land the craft on the first try, something camp organizers said had never been done.Anderson credits the flight simulator as the catalyst for helping his son develop the necessary skills. In a study at the University of California, Santa Barbara, diabetic children who received a  video  gameshowing them how to better manage their illness had improved blood sugar control and fewer emergency room visits. â€Å"Video  games are great teachers and great motivators,† Anderson says, â€Å"but they can be misused. It's society, not science, that must decide how to deal with the negative effects of violent  videogames. To this end, the  video  game  industry helped create the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) to develop a system of ratings for  video  games to define content for parents and allow them to make i nformed purchasing decisions. ESRB ratings include six age-based rating symbols, ranging from â€Å"EC-Early Childhood† to â€Å"AO-Adults Only,† and more than 30 content descriptors (such as â€Å"Mild  Violence,† â€Å"IntenseViolence,† â€Å"Sexual  Violence,† â€Å"Partial Nudity,† â€Å"Drug Reference,† and â€Å"Simulated Gambling†) that indicate elements in a  game  that may have triggered a particular rating or may be of interest or concern to the buyer.Full Text:  Ã‚  COPYRIGHT 2010 Greenhaven Press, a part of Gale, Cengage Learning. Source Citation: â€Å"Violent Video Games Might Be to Blame for Violent Behavior. †Ã‚  Is Media Violence a Problem? Stefan Kiesbye. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2010. At Issue. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 31 Oct. 2010. Document URL http://ic. galegroup. com/ic/ovic/ViewpointsDetailsPage/ViewpointsDetailsWindow? displayGroupName=Viewpoints&prodId=OVIC&a ction=e&windowstate=normal&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CEJ3010187219&mode=view&userGroupName=lemo21048&jsid=dbc3cbe328c3b8eaa54c12c32c45bb32 Gale Document Number:  GALE|EJ3010187219

Prenatal Development Essay

Pregnancy occurs when an egg is fertilized by a sperm,and the egg grows inside a woman’s uterus also called a woman’s womb, and will develop into a baby. In humans, this process takes about 264 days, but the obstetrician will date from the last menstrual period or 280 days which is 40 weeks. There are a number of things that must fall into place in the right order to become pregnant and have a baby. The creation of a human being requires the right environment, the right timing, the right factors, and a great deal of luck. The term intra-uterine pregnancy is used to describe when a fertilized egg is implanted in the uterus and an embryo grows. The length of time of a pregnancy is divided into three sections called trimesters or stages, which is about three months each. Each trimester has particular events and developmental markers. The first trimester or builds the foundation of the different organ systems. The first trimester or stage is the germinal period or the zygotic period. It is the first two weeks of prenatal development. Near the end of the two weeks the single-celled a zygot, developes into a cluster of cells called the embryo. The second stage or trimester is called the embryonic period, which is week three through week eight. In the first month the embryo is usually 1/8th of an inch or . 275 cm long. I weighs about 3 grams. A yolk sac has already formed at this stage. Organs and major systems within the body of the embryo forms during this period. The embryo’s lifeline is the umbilical cord, which provide the embryo nourishment, oxygen, and water from the mother. The umbilical cord also carries away waste. The placenta is also developed, protecting the embryo, by keeping the mother’s blood from mingling with the developing embryo. It also protects the embryo by preventing harmful substances in the mother’s blood from reaching the embryo, such as teratogens. Teratogens are harmful substances that can cause birth defects. By three weeks the baby’s brain cells have started to form, creating a sheet of neural cells that curls and forms a neural tube lined with stem cells. At the top of the neural tube forms a bulge which later consists of the hind brain, mid brain, and fore brain. When the neural tube expands, it creates ventricals and the core of the brain. Ventricals that are filled with ceobraspinal fluid cushions the brain and also provides nutrients to the brain and spinal cord. In the second month, It is about an inch or 2. 5 cm long. It is 8. 7 grams heavy. The head, tail and the umbilical cord are formed and the sex glands are determined. The limbs, toes, fingers, the skeleton and bone cells have also been formed at this stage. A distinctively human appearance develops. Facial features, the main organ systems also take shape. By the end of the eighth week, the structures of the brain, heart, liver, limbs, ears, nose and eyes evolve. This is a most critical period of development. Harmful medications, drugs and alcohol may disturb the processes of development and cause defects or snags in the embryo. The fetal period or trimester is the third month to actual birth of the baby. At this stage the baby is called the fetus with distinctively human features. At the end of the third month the baby can move its arms, legs, mouth and head, although at this moment of time, the movements are uncoordinated and cannot be felt by the mother. The fetus is now one to three inches long and weighs roughly an ounce. The baby can also start using reflexive responses . During the fourth month the mother can feel quickening, which is the baby moving inside the uterus. At five months all brain cells of the baby for birth are developed. During this period the baby has sleep and wake cycles. In the sixth month the fetus’s brain activity is similar to that of a newborn baby. The final two months the fetus usually doubles in weight. The fetus will usually add onabout three to four pounds of body fat. This additional body fat will help the newborn baby adjust to different temperatures outside the womb. The closer to birth, the fetus’s growth slows and the actions of the body systems become more regular. At about forty weeks or 280 days, the fetus is ready to emerge in the world. At birth a baby’s brain is only one forth the size of an adult’s brain. The brain will weight at birth less than a pound. After a baby is born the neurons grow in size and continue to develop. A newborn enters the world with a array of physical and sensory capabilities. In the beginning right at birth a baby’s behavior is mostly reflex moves that are to enable his survival in the new world. In conclusion, a baby is a very precious and wonder gift that some women are blessed with. It is very mportant for a new expectant mother to understand the stages of pregnancy. A new mother should research and read all that she can read to gain knowledge of what is going to happen in the months to come. The more knowledge a new mother has is very beneficial for her well being and also to interact with her physician about symptoms and problems if any arise.

Inflation and its Causes

All the substance regarding this report has been explained with uphill struggle and care. This write up has demonstrated in easy mode and is understandable by the reader. It will provide the intramural and threshold aura to read and it will cover all the requisites and proviso. One of the aesthetic and charming characteristics of this project is this, that it is composed and genial. ABSTRACT The capability of financial analysis over inflation effect on employment has been highly accentuated. This analysis has been acknowledged as the means through which the livelihood and other progressing goals of the routine matters can be enquired.This report delves into the financial analysis through relationship between inflation and employment of a country like Pakistan. Statistical analysis with reference to previous year's data provided by State Bank of Pakistan, inflation in the usual course of events with the help of examples. The verdict about financial analysis may facilitate policy maker s, employment agencies, organization to ascertain, existing cooperation's and besides customary the genteel maneuver to improve their lifestyle all over the country.METHODOLOGY Aspects about inflation relationship with employment in the country has been piled p by means of primary sources by interviewing Muslim Commercial Bank garden Town Branch in the Lahore; this was the part of our information collecting activity. Secondary information has been congregated through different economies, financial management and other books, internet sites of state bank of Pakistan, finance base sites in Pakistan, exiting reports on financial analysis and generals related to employment and inflation.Our foremost endeavor was to compile and evaluate all relevant information with reference to employment and inflation in Pakistan and to Judge against this analysis with standard set by international market. BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Role of Financial management in the improvement process continues to be a t the vanguard of strategy contest not only in this part of the world (Pakistan) but also in other countries. Most of the specifics about Financial Management Analysis have been renowned in the entire world.The compensation allege for Financial Analysis are infinite, containing calculated interest rate, installments, present value of future position of company in the market, ratio comparison, shares and bonds value calculation, money flow, decision making with respect to financial condition of a organization, budget making (is one of the most beneficial process through which we can easily access our resources), and above all calculating economic strengthened in country.By and large the premeditated role of financial management is perceived as accelerating the accomplishment of wider economic and social aspiration. Capitalist from all over the world suggests that financial management performing efficient role as participate by production and other departments in accomplish the eventu al target of a firms. TABLE OF CONTENT Executive Summary Inflation Causes of Inflation Inflation and its EffectsInflation and its Impact Economic Factors of Inflation Non-Economic Factors of Inflation Temporary Effects Permanent Effects Review 16 Theories about Employment 07 10 11 09 Fisher Effect 12 14 18 Relationship between Employment & Inflation 25 International Condition in Inflation Conclusion Appendix -Article 33 37 -Inflation Rates of Previous Years & Graphs 15 Employment 20 26 38 -Employment Rates Comparison EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 39 Our Project â€Å"Inflation and the Employment† basically contains the answer to this question â€Å"What is the Inflation†.What are the basic meanings of inflation and what re the meanings of inflation according to the economics point of view. What are the factors by which inflation rises? Inflation's effects which it create on the overall economy. It also describes the theories of famous economist â€Å"Fisher† about inflation . And how â€Å"Fisher† theories effect the inflation of overall economy. Then this project describes economic, non-economic, factors of inflation and its temporary and permanent effects on economy. Its effects on employment and how employment can be disturbed by the inflation.Different theories of different economists are considerate to get a clear ND better understanding of inflation. This project clears the relationship between inflation and employment through graphs. Then we presented conclusion of the project. In appendix project covers an article about inflation and employment rates of previous years & graphs and their comparison. INFLATION Definition Inflation is a process in which the average level of prices increases at a substantial rate over a considerable period over time.In short, more money is required to buy a given amount of goods and services. One can measure the rate of inflation as either he annual percentage rate increase in the average price level or decr ease in the value of money. There are many causes of inflation, but in general we can divide them to the one at the demand-side and the one at the supply side of the economics. Demand pull inflation occurs when aggregate demand exceeds existing supply, forcing price increases and pulling up wages, materials, and operating and financial costs.Cost- push inflation when price rises to cover total expenses and preserve profit margins. A pervasive cost-price spiral eventually develops as group and institutions respond to ACH other new round of increases. Deflation, as a reverse process, occurs when the spiral effects reversed. Even though today's inflation is more of a mix between these two basic inflation causes and inflation inertia, this is a good classification to start with. Effects of Inflation Effect of inflation, on other hand is a many layered as its causes.Inflation is usually thought as a negative phenomenon on the basis of traditional experiences with hyperinflation, but more exact analyses of the inflation effects have shown that they depend on the form of inflation and situation in national economy. One there no longer simplistically speak of effects of inflation. Despite the progress in understanding this phenomenon, there are still many subjects unclear and need consideration: potentially also advantages (benefits). Besides advantages and disadvantages of inflation, we also have to take into account costs of disinflation.Decisions of stabilizing economics policy for or against the disinflation depend on results of a two- fold cost-benefit analysis. Results from inflation-effects analysis are important component of explaining inflation, because inflation can be politically desired caused) for its potential net benefits. Costs and benefits of inflation essentially depend on whether it is fully or only partially anticipated. Important regulation factors are also individual institutional circumstances, such as presence of index and revision clauses in l ong-term contracts.Caused by economic effects, non-economic effects of inflation can also appear, like tax-refusal, citizen's reluctance, strikes etc. Different situations in national economy can lead to different effects of inflation. These situations of inflation as well as effects of inflation will be presented in the following research. INFLATION AND ITS IMPACT Lets us take an example of an economical participant (firm) that borrow a long-term loan worth of 10,000 RSI at fixed interest rate and annual annuity of 1,000 RSI. Let us assume now that an unexpected inflation doubles price and wages.Real worth of the wages has not changed, since the price also doubles (for double nominal wage this economic participant can now buy the same amount of goods and services as before), but the real worth of the annual annuity of his loan decreased. Nominal annual annuity is still 1,000 RSI, but the economic participant (borrower) has to work for that mount only half as much as before the infl ation occurred. Hence the real worth of his annual annuity cut in two; the borrower increased his wealth, whilst the lender decreased his real income.The other way around happens in a case of disinflation or even deflation, where the real worth of annual annuity of a loan increases and the borrower wealth decreases (lenders wealth increases). This kind of outcome occurs if the inflation has been stable for several years (inflation rate has neither increased nor decreased) and it increased suddenly, which means that it was not anticipated. However, if the increase in inflation is expected (on basis of different data about movement of economic variables in national economy and global markets), economic participants (individuals, firms, banks etc. Anticipate this increase. This means that the interest rates financial and capital markets will rise according to the inflation rate increase. Fisher's Effect: Where â€Å"in† is nominal rate, â€Å"r† is real interest rate and are inflation expectations. This expression is also known as the Fisher's effect and it shows that the negative effect of anticipated inflation on real money demanded is already included in nominal interest rate. When market interest rate accommodates to the inflation expectations, then the effect on income and wealth are mainly eliminated.Beside redistribution of income, inflation also has real effects on national economy. On one hand it affects output (GAP), which is a macroeconomic effect and on the other it affects allocation of resources in national economy and economic efficiency, which is a microeconomic effect. Anticipation and Balance All this factors cause the so-called inflation cost. On the other hand, it has already been stated that inflation can lead to some benefits. In order to analyze these effects more precisely, two characteristics of inflation or behavior of economic participants have to be defined.Inflation can be anticipated or unanticipated, which means that i t is/it is not built into all economic relations (contracts). Inflation can be balanced or unbalanced, which means that all price rise/do not rise with the same rate (relative price remain/don not remain unchanged). In reality these characteristics of inflation and behavior of economic participants combine and cause different economic situations, which are presented in the following table. Economic Effects of Inflation To summarize, we can divide effects of inflation into two groups; an economic and non-economic effects.We could also understand them as costs (advantages) and benefits (disadvantages) of inflation to a national economy. Economic effects are as follow: Income effect; by these effects we understand deviation of growth rate of the GAP its natural growth rate, caused by inflation. They don't include feasible shrinks in the natural growth rate of the GAP. Employment effect; which are in strong connection with income effects. Hence they are usually defined as difference tee n natural and actual rate of unemployment.Distribution effect; of which two are traditionally subjects of practical research and scientific analysis: effect of inflation on distribution of income and effect of inflation on distribution of wealth. Allocation effect; which are the most obvious with money (cash); in term of high inflation people (economic participants) want to get rid of money because real interest rate is usually negative and their demand for other assets increase. Price of inputs for production that are based on long-term contracts cannot rise as high inflation rate either; therefore missed investments are a common phenomenon.Theses are all allocation effects of inflation, also known as microeconomic effects. Effects on economic growth; connection between inflation and natural growth of the GAP definitely exists (at least on short term), but it is still for the most part unsolved. Phenomena, such as barter trade, parallel economy (also known as â€Å"grey economy') and corruption can appear or intensify and they all decrease natural growth rate of the GAP. These effects of inflation are also known as macroeconomic effects and are n strong connection with allocation (microeconomic) effects.Non-economic effects of inflation are caused by economic effects and are the following: tax-refusal, citizen's reluctance, strikes, revolts; rising etc. These effects are not a part of our research. Employment Effects of Inflation Employment effects are usually defined as difference between natural and actual rate of unemployment and are therefore in strong connection with income effects of inflation. That deviates of growth rate of GAP below its natural growth rate, caused by inflation.That is why these two types of inflation effects are examined together. Income and employment effects of inflation are known in two forms as temporary and permanent effects. Phases of Inflation Inflation usually passes over three typical phases: at first it is accelerated, the n it is steady (stabilized) and at last it decelerates. Temporary effects are mainly connected with accelerated and decelerated inflation, hence these two Phases are assumed to last for a shorter time, while permanent effects are connected with steady (stabilized) inflation.Employment and income effects of inflation are mainly temporary phenomena that last only as long as inflation is not yet fully anticipated. Whether these effects have positive or negative consequences for a national economy depends on the stage in which inflation is discovered and situation in which economy found. Let us examine two inevitable types of inflation now: accelerated and decelerated inflation. Accelerated Inflation Accelerated acceleration is often accompanied by income and employment effect (inflation-accompanied prosperity).However, these effects can only be expected, when the increase of inflation rate is caused by monetary demand-pull and induced supply-push is delayed (a time-lag has to emerge be tween decreased monetary emend-pull and induced supply-push). If the growth rate of the money volume in the further course of adaptation process remains unchanged, positive real effects are only temporary, because of the subsequent supply-push, induced expectations and wage bargaining.Real inflation effects can only be realized, if growth rate of the money supply rises continuously and by that stable inflation acceleration is provoked. Thus means that there can no longer be any applicable long-term trade-off between given inflation rate and unemployment rate. Decelerated Inflation there are quite common with decelerated inflation. Necessary prerequisite for a lasting decrease in inflation speed is a tight monetary-policy authorities are confident in their knowledge of the amount of tightening that is needed, they can move quickly to the required higher level for interest rates.However, to extend that there is more uncertainty on the effects of monetary policy changes, due to the dev elopment of financial markets, it argues for implementing a more gradualist approach. Such uncertainty could increase the risk that a strong policy action might lead to undesirable outcomes. Gradualist strategy central banks sacrifice the speed with which their target is obtained in order to avoid overshooting the target. The degree if gradualism will be dictated by other considerations, such as central banks anti- inflationary credibility.If it is poor, there is heightened risk that a gradual policy response would increase inflation expectations. Anti-inflation Economic Policy Policies of gradualism create stress between preemptive and reactive moves. An increase risk of â€Å"falling behind the curve† suggests that a gradualist policy may needed to be followed by more aggressive moves, if events appear to be turning out differently than expected. E. G. F health were to weaken the effect of higher interest rates, at the same time that wealth effects were stimulating consumpt ion, monetary policy would face an increasing risk of â€Å"falling behind the curve†.These tensions raise the importance of the monetary authorities, credibility and transparency. If inflation expectation is well anchored, policy actions will be more effective and thus the size of any move to achieve a given objective is likely to be smaller. A credible commitment to low inflation thus provides some insurance against â€Å"falling behind the curve†. Transparency reduces the risk that policy changes will destabilize arrests.Such a strategy would allow markets to adjust their anticipations appropriately and in this way, the risk of a disorderly adjustment of asset prices can be reduced. Permanent Effects If we presume that inflation was on long-term correctly expected and completely anticipated and that there was no wage bargaining, the (long-term) curve of aggregate supply growth SSL and the (long-term) Philips curve PACK in the presented basic model become vertical fu nctions of natural income-level growth rate as well as natural unemployment rate. Note: Donation Beta represents anticipation coefficient.Friedman-Phelps Hypothesis: This corresponds to the so-called Friedman-Phelps hypothesis, by which no income and employment effects can appear with completely anticipated inflation, I. E. Each on short term possible trade-off vanishes on long-term and income-growth rate as well as unemployment rate preserve on its natural level. Reacts to such policy (with downward correction of price level), the higher are inflation costs (expenses of such inflation fighting) and danger of premature collapse of tight monetary policy increases. Anti-inflation policy therefore has to keep inflation cost as low as possible, I. . T has to pursue an adaptation path that is close to SSL as well as PACK as it can be to achieve this, anti-inflation policy has to include well- measured and above all continuous decrease of money-supply growth rate and a series of accompany measures for adaptation of expectations and for softening the wage bargaining. Effect on output stabilization may well be positive and the same is true for overall social welfare, but we cannot forget that uncertainty about the policymakers preference leads to a higher inflationary bias and also inflationary cost.EMPLOYMENT The inadequacy of public employment as a source of additional Jobs are generally understood, and it is recognized that the use of this expedient is â€Å"to some extent a desperation measure†, the current employment program relies mainly on the stimulation of the private economy by means of an inflationary tax cut, the only other tool that is now regarded as being available for the purpose. The deliberate use of inflation as a means of increasing business activity and employment is based on J. M.Keynes' economic theories, and to see Just how our present findings apply to this situation, it will first be desirable to have a clear idea as to Just what Keyne s' contentions with respect to employment actually are. His theory was developed as an alternate to the so-called â€Å"classical† theory of employment, the previously orthodox economic doctrine in this field, and his explanations are expressed mainly in terms of contrast with the earlier views†. The classical theory of employment†, he says, â€Å"has been based†¦ On two fundamental postulates†¦ Namely: The wage is equal to the marginal product of labor. The utility of the wage when a given volume of labor is employed is equal to the marginal disability of that â€Å"amount of employment. † Translating the second postulate from the professional Jargon of the economist to the Renaults, he arrives at this alternative, and more understandable, statement: â€Å"That is to say, the real wage of an employed person is that which is Just sufficient (in the estimation of the employed persons themselves) to induce the volume of labor actually employed to be forthcoming†.Keynes accepts the first of these two postulates but denies the second. The most fundamental objection to this proposition, he says, is that it involves â€Å"the assumption that the general level of real analysis he shows that this assumption is erroneous, and he arrives at the same inclusion reached in the present analysis; that is, the general level of real wages is fixed by factors which operate independently of the bargaining process, and it is not altered by any manipulation of money wages.According to Keynes, the â€Å"classical† economists' basic mistake in their analysis of the employment situation is a result of their explicit or tacit acceptance of Says Law of Markets, a principle formulated by J. B. Say, one of the early French economists, which asserts that in so far as the price paid by the buyer is income for the seller, the act of production creates all of the archiving power required to buy the product. Keynes termed this principle â₠¬Å"an optical illusion, which makes two essentially different activities appear to be the same†.By virtue of its acceptance of this law, â€Å"The classical theory assumes that the collective demand price always accommodates it self to the aggregate supply price. Effective demand, instead of having a unique equilibrium value is an infinite range of values all equally admissible; and the amount of employment is indeterminate except in so far as the marginal disability of labor sets an upper limit. If this were rue, competition between entrepreneurs would always lead to an expansion of employment up to the point at which the supply of output as a whole ceases to be elastic†.Thus Says Law, Keynes contends, â€Å"is equivalent to the proposition that there is no obstacle to full employment†. Since there obviously is some obstacle to full employment, and since the ability to manipulate the real wage level assumed by the classical theory does not actually exist, Keynes rejected that theory and formulated a new concept in which for a given â€Å"propensity to consume† and a given rate of new investment. There will be only one level of employment consistent with equilibrium†.He summarized his new concept in these words: The outline of our theory can be expressed as follows. When employment increases, aggregate real income is increased. The psychology of the community is such that when aggregate real income is increased aggregate consumption is increased, but not by as much as income†¦ Thus, to Justify any given amount of employment there must be an amount of current investment sufficient to absorb the excess of total output over what the community chooses to consume when employment is at the given level.Here, then, we have Keynes' employment theory, as presented by its author, together with his explanation of the principal points of conflict between his ideas and the theoretical outlook shared by most of his predecessors: the â₠¬Å"classical† theory. This classical theory is a wage theory; that is, it is based on supply and demand reasoning applied to the price of labor. Since a lower price, according to the classical ideas, will increase the demand that is, the number of Jobs – there would appear to be no obstacle to full employment if the workers are willing to accept the appropriate wage.But the adherents of this viewpoint are victims of that unquestioning confidence in the universal applicability of the supply and demand principles that so often leads economists to apply these principles to issues which are not supply and demand problems at all. Considerations of supply and demand are not applicable to any situation unless the price is variable, and as Keynes has emphasized, the real wage rate, the true price of labor, is fixed by external factors (the factors that determine the rate of productivity) and cannot be arbitrarily changed.